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GRAMMAR:TENSES

Time is universally divided into past, present, and future. Tense is a form of the verb that expresses time.  GROUP / TIME P A ST PRESENT FUTURE SIMPLE Subject+V 2 +object Subject+V 1 +s/es+object Subject+will+V 1 +object CONTINUOUS Subject+was/were+V 1 +ing+object Subject+is/am/are+V 1 +ing+object Subject+will be+V 1 +ing+object PERFECT Subject+had+V 3 +object Subject+has/have+V 3 +object Subject+will have+V 3 +object PERFECT  CONTINUOUS Subject+had been+V 1 + ING +object Subject+have/has been +V 1 + ing+ object Subject+will have been +V 1 + ing + object USAGE OF PRESENT TENSE The simple present tense is used (i)   to express universal truths, facts, customs: The sun sets in the west. The earth revolves round the sun. (ii)  to express habitual action: I go to temple daily. My father goes for a walk in the evening. (iii)      to express an action that takes place at present or at the time of speaking: Rita plays near the swings. She sings with gui...
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THE WAY THROUGH THE WOODS

Reference to context  1.   They shut the road through the woods seventy years ago. Weather and rain have undone it again A.  When was the road shut ? Ans. The road was shut 70 years ago. B.  What had happened to the road since it was closed ? Ans.  It has disappeared due to the weather and rain and lack of use.   2.  ‘It is underneath the coppice and heath And the thin anemones…’ a)  What hid under the coppice and heath? Ans. The road was underneath the coppice and heath b)  Who could see that ? Ans. Only the keeper and ghosts could see .   3.‘ You will hear the beat of a horse’s feet, And the swish of a skirt in the dew      Steadily canter through a.  What two sounds does the poet refer to here ? b.  Two sounds  the poet hears are beat of horse’s feet and swish of a skirt in the dew . B. Q1.   Who can see where the old road ran? Ans. The keeper and the ghosts know where the old road ran. Q2. Wh...
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Journey To Jo’burg

   Mark the sentences as True or False.   1. Tiro is the elder brother of Naledi - False 2. Grace was stuck inside the train and couldn't make her way out - True 3. A policeman yelled at a sixteen-year-old boy - True 4. The police took Naledi and Tiro with them - False 5. Naledi and Tiro went to the arrested man's house to get his pass - True 6. The children never met Grace again - False   Q1. Who are the two main characters in the story? How are they related to each other? Answer: Naledi and Tiro are the two main characters in the story. They are siblings. Naledi is the elder sister of Tiro.   Q2. Why was the train so crowded ? Ans. The train was crowded because it was a rush hour when many people travelled to or from work.   Q3: How did the children get separated from Grace? Ans: The train was very crowded, as it was a rush hour. At each station, the crowd heaved towards the carriage door, people urgently pushing their way through. But in a...
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GRAMMAR : REPORTED SPEECH

  REPORTING If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.   Rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech  Rule 1:  The inverted commas which separate the reported speech from the rest of the sentence are dropped . Rule 2:  The conjunction 'that' is used in place of the inverted commas.  Rule 3:T he verb in the reported speech changes according to the tense of the reporting verb. Exception :But if the reporting verb is in the present for the future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech. Examples: 1.I say /said, “God is everywhere .” I say/said that God is everywhere. 2.I said to him, “You are clever.”  I said to him that he is clever.  3.S...
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